Energy Systems Research

Methodology for Dynamic Simulation Modeling of District Heating Systems

Z.I. Shalaginova — 2026-06-30

The present study aims to develop and enhance the theoretical and methodological foundations for the dynamic thermo-hydraulic simulation modeling of hierarchical heating systems. The proposed approach accommodates deterministic control laws, transit times, and continuous stochastic disturbances, enabling comprehensive analysis, control, and optimization of operating conditions. Contributing both the methodology and the technology of thermo-hydraulic simulation modeling, this study describes the simulation procedure, the mathematical dynamic model, and the computational decomposition principle. The introduced model allows researchers to set time-varying disturbances of any system parameter for any purposes according to specified laws, and assess the operational quality of the system across various scenarios over the simulation period using integrated consumer satisfaction indices. Another key assessment criterion, overall performance, is addressed through a proposed approach for determining the energy utilization factor. The developed simulation methodology provides a higher-fidelity assessment

A Methodological Approach to Modeling the Impact of Distributed Generation on Regional Electricity Consumption Using Semantic Technologies

T.N. Vorozhtsova — 2026-06-30

The study argues for the adoption of semantic modeling techniques to structure knowledge, perform analysis, and support decision-making in complex uncertain environments. This approach is demonstrated through the development of a methodological framework for studying the effect of distributed generation on regional electricity consumption. Regional power systems represent large-scale entities, characterized by highly complex-to-describe components, subsystems, and processes. The core of the semantic approach rests on the cognitive structuring of socioeconomic entities. This process aims to identify the key factors characterizing the interaction between the entity and its environment, while establishing qualitative relations, namely the mutual influence of these factors as they vary. The semantic modeling techniques effectively circumvent the limitations of concurrent analysis of numerous interdependent factors and their intricate relationships. This study introduces a three-stage research framework that covers ontological, cognitive, and mathematical modeling at its individual stages. The proposed approach is applied to a notional regional power system comprising various electricity generating and consuming facilities, including distributed generation. Multi-level hierarchical ontologies were constructed to describe the components of this system and their relationships. The entities critical to the numerical experiment were identified. Yielding quantitative estimates themselves, however, remains a subject of further research.

Smart Grid Control of Renewable-Based Commercial and Industrial Microgrid

A.M. Glazunova — 2026-06-30

The study contributes a strategy for intelligent control of Russian commercial and industrial microgrids powered exclusively by renewable energy sources. Commercial and industrial microgrids are connected to the power system by a single transmission line, and the power flow through the line is subject to certain constraints. The power balance in commercial and industrial microgrids is maintained by on-site resources, including active consumers and energy storage systems. The control strategy minimizes power outages by optimally utilizing internal resources of commercial and industrial microgrids. The proposed strategy is based on the analysis of the actual and forecasted (six minutes ahead) state variables of a commercial and industrial microgrid. Once constraints are violated, control actions are computed by solving an optimization problem to distribute the responsibility for their implementation among active consumers and the battery energy storage system. This problem is formalized as a modified knapsack problem. Active consumers participate in the demand response program through promptly adjusting their power consumption. Case study simulations demonstrate the high performance of the proposed strategy in maintaining power balance in commercial and industrial microgrids.

Solar Energy Potential for Heat and Electricity Supply to Buildings in the Republic of Belarus

S.A. Aliaksandrovich — 2026-06-30

The integration of solar systems into residential and public buildings in the Republic of Belarus presents challenges in balancing energy efficiency with strict local building codes, climatic conditions, and modern architectural standards. This paper evaluates solar-powered heating and power supply systems to formulate practical recommendations for their selection, integration, and operation in Belarus. The analysis considers technical capabilities, regulatory constraints, and the organizational and economic conditions governing the use of solar materials and technologies in construction and reconstruction projects. The findings provide a framework for aligning solar technology deployment with climatic conditions of Belarus and regulatory requirements, offering practical guidance for architects, engineers, and policymakers.

Carbon Emission Reduction Potentials of Improved Biomass Cookstoves Used in Gambella Refugee Camps, Southwest Ethiopia

Fikre Destaw — 2026-06-30

Biomass fuels, particularly firewood, remain a primary source of energy for households cooking and heating needs in many developing countries. The excessive reliance on biomass fuels and inefficient traditional cookstoves produces substantial amount of smoke, contributing to indoor air pollution, deforestation, climate change, and productivity losses. Therefore, this study focuses on carbon emission reduction potential of improved biomass cookstoves used in Gambella refugee camps and compares it with that of traditional open-fire stove. For this study, a Water Boiling Test (WBT) was carried out at the laboratory level. The most commonly used improved biomass cookstoves and the three-stone traditional cookstove were selected for the assessment and comparison. The emissions of greenhouse gases (CO, CO₂, and particulate matter) from each stove were used as indicators for comparison. The results reveal that the traditional three-stone open-fire, Clay (User Centered Design-UCD), Flexy, and Tikikil stoves are the preferred biomass cooking technologies used by most refugees. The performance model showed a significant reduction in greenhouse gases and/or pollutants (CO₂, CO, and PM_2.5) concentrations. The use of one Flexy stove could cut the emissions of CO₂e by 1.21 tons per year, while Clay and Tikikil demonstrate annual reductions of 1.15 tons and 0.96 tons of CO₂e per stove, respectively. The average CO concentration for the three-stone stove was 1 105 ppm, while for improved biomass cookstoves (ICS), it stood at 370.3 ppm. Particulate matter (PM_2.5) emissions from Flexy, Clay, Tikikil, and Traditional cookstoves were recorded as 329, 339, 337, and 614 mg, respectively. These findings demonstrate that improved biomass cookstoves produce less smoke, mitigating both environmental and health effects. Consequently, concerned organizations should promote and monitor the adoption of improved biomass cooking stoves for the refugees to protect individuals from negative impact of traditional three-stone cookstoves.

A Method for Identifying Measures to Ensure Gas Supply under Gas Infrastructure Contingencies

A.V. Edelev — 2026-06-30

The existing structure of Russia’s gas transmission network incorporates critical facilities whose failures cannot be offset by short-term increases in throughput capacity of gas pipelines or construction of additional pipelines within existing gas corridors. Therefore, it is essential to substantiate the gas transmission network expansion that provides additional gas transmission capacity beyond existing corridors. We propose a set of research tools to evaluate the expansion options, which includes a mathematical model, a database, and dedicated computational and graphical modules. The tools enable parallel processing of scenarios, which significantly reduces computational time. The findings obtained using an aggregated model of Russia’s unified gas system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Integration of Intrusion Detection System Data for Enhanced Dispatch Control of Electric Power Systems

E.S. Korkina — 2026-06-30

Effective control of complex engineering systems requires more than just upgrading equipment and implementing new technologies, it demands a revision of their fundamental control principles. This process involves analyzing problems, structuring information to accelerate problem-solving, and increasing the flexibility of the control system. State estimation is a fundamental procedure in the dispatch control of electric power systems. The algorithms underlying the procedure continue to evolve alongside the transformation of electric power systems into cyber-physical power systems to address the challenges posed by external threats. This paper proposes a cyber-physical state estimation approach that integrates data from corporate network intrusion detection system and bad data detection procedure to enhance the dispatch control.

Simulation of Hybrid Transformer with Active Power Filter for Integrating Electric Vehicle Charging Stations

Yu. N. Bulatov — 2026-06-30

This paper details a simulation model for a hybrid distribution transformer featuring the proposed control system for harmonic distortion compensation. The developed model includes an active power filter that utilizes both high-pass and band-pass filters. The study examines the performance of the control system for active compensation of consumer current harmonics in a power grid with electric vehicle charging stations. Current harmonic spectra and distortion levels, characterized by the total harmonic distortion, served as a performance metric. The simulation was conducted using the SimPowerSystems toolbox within the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The findings indicate that the hybrid distribution transformer with the proposed active power filter control system significantly enhances power quality for the end-consumer compared to a conventional power transformer. The current total harmonic distortion level is reduced threefold. The total harmonic distortion surge caused by the connection of additional non-linear loads is effectively suppressed. Furthermore, the current harmonics showed a substantial reduction: the 5^th harmonic decreased by a factor of eight, while the 7^th harmonic dropped by a factor of three.

Extending the Principles of Diakoptics to Power Flow Analysis

D.S. Akhmetbayev — 2026-06-30

This study investigates the extension of diakoptics principles to the power flow analysis for complex networks within power systems. Diakoptics is a method designed to address large-scale systems by tearing them into subsystems, whose properties are then used to recover the features of the original system. The tearing process generates an additional system (interconnection network) that stores all the parameters resulting from the tearing. These interconnection networks serve to link original system and subsystem parameters by coupling equations. To this end, each subsystem is analyzed separately, and then isolated solutions are integrated step-by-step until a solution to the original system is obtained. An incorrect formulation of coupling equations may lead to erroneous results.

This paper proposes a novel approach for formulating closed-form expressions for interconnection networks, derived from the equality of node voltages at the tearing interfaces. The approach is implemented based on the topological method developed by D.S. Akhmetbayev. A case study of a complex 110 kV meshed network is provided to demonstrate the methodology of determining the matrices of sought parameters for the interconnection network. The results indicate that this approach streamlines the application of diakoptics in the power flow analysis for complex power systems.

Health Assessment Criteria for Cable Lines beyond Rated Service Life

M.A. Korotkevich — 2026-06-30

The study focuses on the health assessment of 10 kV oil-paper insulated power transmission cable lines beyond their rated service life to assess the feasibility of their service life extension. The analysis examines various degradation factors, including thermal stresses from load and fault currents, as well as the impact of switching overvoltages and burn-down currents used for fault location. A health index calculation methodology is presented to evaluate the feasibility and potential duration of continued operation for cable lines.

Enhancing Reliability of Distance Protection in Power Transmission Lines Operating Out of Step

A.N. Podshivalin — 2026-06-30

This study focuses on enhancing the reliability of distance protection in power transmission lines under out-of-step conditions. Wide-range fluctuations in currents and voltages cause nuisance tripping of protective relaying and automated control systems. For example, simultaneous voltage drops and current surges can cause distance protection measuring elements to miscalculate the fault distance. This error often leads to the false tripping of healthy grid components and triggering of cascading outages. We examine the distance protection starting elements that utilize positive- and negative-sequence current measurements. Currents under out-of-step conditions typically have two frequency components. This feature underlies the proposed general structure of the measuring element that selectively suppresses both frequencies. The performance of this measuring element is investigated across various individual component frequencies under out-of-step conditions. The findings reveal the uncertainty ranges for the tripping of protection measuring elements during fault events. The study also proposes methods for calculating the sensitivity of distance protection measuring elements to transmission line faults.

Condition Assessment of Power Transformer Internal Insulation Based on Aging Markers

L.A. Daryan — 2026-06-30

This study presents the results of a condition assessment of internal insulation across the power transformers operating at a regional utility. The assessment is based on physical (interfacial tension) and chemical (methanol and ethanol concentrations) aging markers of internal insulation. The results demonstrate that these markers enable the effective in-service assessment of the degree of transformer insulation aging

Advancing Synchrophasor Measurement Theory to Enhance Reliability and Performance of Protective Relaying, Automation, Control, and Monitoring Systems

A.V. Mokeev — 2026-06-30

This study contributes to advancing synchronized phasor measurement theory to improve the reliability and engineering performance of protective relaying, automation, control, and monitoring systems. The focus is placed on enhancing current synchrophasor estimation algorithms that utilize Rogowski coils as primary transducers. We propose the use of averaging finite impulse response filters with a complex-valued impulse response to augment the accuracy and computational efficiency of current synchrophasor estimation. The findings on the synthesis of these filters are presented

Conventional and Innovative Design Solutions for Electrical and Technical Systems of Small Modular Reactor Plants

D.A. Andreev — 2026-06-30

Based on the analysis of design codes for electric power facilities, this study examines both conventional and innovative conceptual design solutions for electrical and technical systems for land-based small modular reactor plants. The synergy of design principles for thermal and nuclear power plants drives engineering advancements, ensuring that small modular reactor projects align with state-of-the-art scientific and technical standards for safety, reliability, and economic viability

Automated Electrical Equipment Health-Aware Reliability Assessment for Power Supply Systems

A.N. Nazarychev — 2026-06-30

This paper presents a methodological approach to assessing structural reliability of power supply systems by incorporating electrical equipment health via the logic-probabilistic method. The implementation of the proposed approach involves establishing specific rules for the construction of reliability block diagrams that capture logical interdependencies of components. Furthermore, a Python-based software tool is developed to automate the reliability assessment of power supply systems. The performance of the developed software was validated using operational data from a real-world 6(10)/0.4 kV power supply system. Specifically, the probability of failure-free operation and the failure probability were calculated based on the electrical equipment health data. To this end, a dedicated database was created to monitor how the thermal stress impacts the equipment service life depletion. The software calculates both the probability of failure-free operation and failure probability for a reliability block diagram based on a specified logical criterion. It also generates time-dependent probability curves of failure-free operation, highlighting the divergence between nominal and health-aware profiles for both the overall system and the specific electrical equipment.

Dithering-based Current and Voltage Parameter Estimation for Industrial Power Systems

A.L. Kulikov — 2026-06-30

The estimation of current and voltage parameters under power quality deviations from standard values is highly relevant in industrial power systems and is essential for designing protection, automation, and control infrastructure at power facilities. An extensive body of research focuses on the digital processing of power-frequency signals in the presence of interference. Computational digital signal processing algorithms typically rely on the discrete Fourier transform. While this approach delivers high accuracy for current and voltage parameter estimation at the frequency of 50 Hz, it generates erroneous estimates when the sampling rate is asynchronous with the fundamental (power) frequency. This study introduces robust digital signal processing algorithms for currents and voltages under deviations in power quality parameters from their standard (nominal) values. The signal processing and parameter estimation utilize dithered low-bit quantization, which employs specific stochastic signals to ensure accurate and reliable signal processing. The superior performance of the proposed dithering-based algorithms for power-frequency signal processing is validated by simulation results.

Energy Security for Energy-Exporting Countries: The Case of Azerbaijan

N.A. Yusifbayli — 2026-06-30

This paper highlights the challenges and examines the strategies developed specifically for energy-exporting countries, emphasizing the role of governments in improving energy security. The concept of energy security can be defined from the perspective of both importers and exporters, although in most cases, it is considered from the standpoint of energy importers. This study, however, indicates that as new energy-related pressures arise and the energy sector grows more complex and sophisticated, resource-rich economies also face energy security challenges. In contrast to that in energy-importing countries, energy security in resource-rich economies depends on external factors, including environmental programs and obligations, political pressure, international sanctions, the position and bargaining power of energy-importing countries, all of which affect prices and supply dynamics. As exemplified by Azerbaijan, diversification of energy sources can put energy security at serious risk, especially during peak summer and winter loads. Furthermore, the provision of natural gas to households across the country has caused a national energy crisis characterized by an imbalance in energy supply and demand.

Methodological Approach to Electromagnetic Environment Surveys for Power Systems under Growing Electricity Consumption within the Housing and Public Utilities Sector

M.A. Drako — 2026-06-30

This paper focuses on the development of a methodological approach to surveying and assessing the electromagnetic environment in power supply grids, driven by the increasing electricity consumption in the housing and public utilities sector. The growing electricity demand underscores the critical importance of the reliability and efficiency of grid infrastructure. These performance characteristics are ensured, among other factors, by maintaining the electromagnetic compatibility of the equipment, particularly by resolving non-compliances of power quality indicators with requirements of technical codes and standards across various nominal voltage levels of the power grid. In light of the identified problems, the present paper describes the experience of energy surveys during which the electromagnetic environment was assessed at selected high-voltage electrical substations within the power system of the Republic of Belarus. The main causes of electromagnetic interference and its propagation are analyzed. Furthermore, a comparative assessment of the compliance of power quality indicators with the requirements of technical codes and standards in the Republic of Belarus is conducted.